complex.compound

Transformation of Sentence

Learning to change complex sentence to compound sentence

With a view to learning to change complex sentence  into compound sentence,one needs to make both  the clauses of complex sentence into different clauses linking by coordinating conjunction.If the subject of both the clauses  is a same person and number word,it will be used at first clause and it should  not be used after the coordinating conjunction.

Read the bellow sentences:-

Complex:Since the weather was rough,I could not go there.

Compound:The weather was rough and I could not go there

Complex:As I was ill yesterday,I could not attend the function.

Compound: I was ill yesterday and could not attend the function.

Complex:When they reached home, they found him absent.

Compound:They reached home and  found him absent.

Complex:Since the old man was not well,he could not do it.

Compound:The old man was not well and could not do it.

Complex:As we are human being,we cannot do harm to others.

Compound:We are human being and cannot do harm to others.

Structure:-

Complex:As/since/because+subject+verb+ext.,subject+verb+ext.

Compound:subject+verb+ext. and subject+verb+ext.

Rule:-

If there are since/as/because clauses in complex sentence.these conjunctions will be deleted and the clauses will be joined by "and " in compound sentence.

complex compound

Transformation of sentence 

Learning to change complex sentence into compound sentence:-

Read the following sentence:-

Complex:-If you do not read ,you will fail in the examination,

Compound:-Read or you will fail in the examination,

Complex:-If you do not work hard,you won't shine in life.

Compound:-Work hard or you won't shine in life.

Complex:-If you do not attend classes regularly,you won't learn well.

Compound:-Attend classes regularly or you won't learn well.

Complex:-Unless you read ,you will fail in the examination, 

Compound:-Read  or you will fail in the examination, 

Complex:-Unless you work hard,you won't shine in life.

Compound:-Work hard or you won't shine in life.

Complex:-Unless you  attend classes regularly,you won't learn well.

Compound:-Attend classes regularly or you won't learn well.

Structure:-

Complex:-If +subj.+don't+verb+ext.,subj.+verb+ext.

Or:- Unless+subj.+verb+ext.,subj.+verb+ext.

Compound:-Verb+ext+or+subj.+verb+ext.

Rules:-

If there is found unless+subj. or if +subj.+don't+verb in any complex sentence,with a view to changing it into a compound sentence unless+subj. or if +subj.+don't will be deleted and or will be placed between the clauses.For different person subjective words in different clauses unless and if +auxiliary verb+not will be deleted.As unless means negative meaning,the clause with unless must be in affirmative.

complex compound

Transformation of sentence

Learning to change complex sentence into compound sentence.

Read the following sentences:-

Complex:-If you read attentively,you will pass in the examination.

Compound:- Read attentively and you will pass in the examination.

Complex:-If you work hard,you can succeed in life.

Compound:-Work hard and you can succeed in life.

Complex:-If you attend school regularly,you can learn enough.

Compound:-Attend school regularly and you can learn enough.

Complex:If they came,I would help them.

Compound:-They came and I would help them.

Structure:-

Complex:-If+subject+verb+ext.,subject+verb+ext.

Compound:-subject+verb+ext. and subject+verb+ext.

Rules:-

If there is second person word  in both the clauses as subject and the verb in if-clause is in present tense in a complex sentence,in order to change it into a compound sentence if+subject will be deleted and then both the clauses will be joined by and after deleting comma between the clauses .If there is different subject in both the clauses in a complex sentence,if will be deleted  and both the clauses will be joined by and with a view to changing it into a compound sentence.

complex compound

Transformation of sentence

Learning to change from complex sentence to compound sentence:-

Read the following sentences:




Complex: Though he is poor, he is honest.
Compound: He is poor but honest.
Complex:Though they studied attentively,they failed in the examination.
Compound:They studied attentively but failed in the examination.
Complex:Although he worked hard,he was not paid properly.
Compound:He worked hard but was not paid properly.
Complex:Although the boy ran fast,he could not win the race.
Compound:The boy ran fast but could not win the race.




Structure:


Complex:Though/Although+subj.+verb+ext.,subj.+verb+ext.


Compound:Subj.+verb+ext.+but+subj.+verb+ext.


Rule:-




If there is the same subj. in all the clauses of any  complex sentence started with though/although,In order to change it into a compound sentence;though/although will be replaced by but and but will be placed between the clauses.Again if there is the same subj. in all the clauses,in compound sentence the subject will not be placed after the conjunction but.For different subjective words in different clauses,they remained unchanged in both complex and compound sentence.

LEARNING DEGREES OF CHANGE

Degrees of Conversion

Comparative to Superlative

Read the following sentence:-

Comparative:-  He is better than any other boy in the class.

Superlative:- He is the best boy in the class.

Comparative:-She was more beautiful than any other girl in the group.

Superlative:- She was the most beautiful girl in the group.

Comparative:-John was older than any other man in the village.

Superlative:- John was the oldest man in the village.

structure:-

Comparative:-subject+verb+comparative degree+than any other +noun+ext.

Superlative:- subject+verb+the+superlative degree+noun(after than any other)+ext.

Read the following sentence:-

Comparative:-He is better than all other boys in the class.

Superlative:- He is the best of all boys in the class.

Comparative:-She was  older than all other women in the village.

Superlative:- She was the oldest of all women in the village.

structure:-

Comparative:-subject+verb+comparative degree+than all other +noun+ext.

Superlative:- subject+verb+the+superlative degree+of all +noun(after than all other)+ext.

Read the following sentence:-

Comparative:-Dhaka is bigger than most other cities in Bangladesh.

Superlative:- Dhaka is one of the biggest cities in Bangladesh.

Comparative:-You are taller than most other girls in the class.

Superlative:- You are one of the tallest girls in the class.

structure:-

Comparative:-subject+verb+comparative degree+than most other+noun+ext.

Superlative:- subject+verb+one of the+superlative degree+noun(after than most other)+ext.

LEARNING DEGREES OF CHANGE

Degrees of conversion

Positive to Superlative

Read the following sentence:-

Positive:-      No other boy in the class is so wise as he.

Superlative:- He is the wisest  boy in the class.

Positive:-      No other player in the team was so tall as Ram.

Superlative:- Ram was the tallest player in the team.

Positive:-       No other king in India was so  famous as Akbar.

Superlative:- Akbar was the most famous king India

structure:-

Positive:-     no other+noun+ext.+verb+so+positive degree+as+noun/pronoun.

Superlative:-subject(last noun/pronoun)+verb+the+superlative degree+noun+ext(after no other).

noun after no other  will be singular .so the verb after no other will be singular.

Read the following sentence:-

Positive:-       Very few boys in the class are so tall as he.

Superlative:- He is one of the tallest boys in the class.

Positive:-      Very few girls in the group were so beautiful as Rina.

Superlative:- Rina was one of  the most beautiful girls in the group.

Positive:-     Very few men in the village are so tall as you.

Superlative:-You are one of the tallest men in the village. 

structure:-

Positive:-       very few +noun+ext+verb+so+positive degree+as+noun/pronoun.

Superlative:-  subject(noun/pronoun)+verb+one of the +superlative degree+noun+ext.

the noun after very few/one of the+superlative degree will be plural number.The verb after very few +noun will be plural.

LEARNING DEGREES OF CHANGE

Degrees of Comparison

Superlative to Comparative

Read the following sentence:-

superlative:- He was the oldest  man in the village.

He was older than any other man in the village.

superlative:-Chittagong is the biggest port in Bangladesh.

Chittagong is bigger than any other port in Bangladesh.

superlative:-Mara dona is the best footballer we have ever seen.

Mara dona is better than any other footballer we have ever seen.

structure:

superlative:-subject+verb+the+superlative degree+noun+ext.

subject+verb+comparative degree+than any other +man+noun+ext.

Read the following sentence:-

superlative:-   He is the noblest  of all men.

comparative:-He is nobler than all other men.

superlative:-  Akbar was the greatest of all the kings in India.

comparative:-Akbar was  greater than all other kings  in India.

structure:-

superlative:-    subject+verb+the+superlative degree+of all+noun+ext..

comparative:-  subject+verb+comparative degree+than all other +noun+ext.

the noun after than any other will be singular and the noun after than all other will be plural.

Read the following sentence:-

superlative:-   He is one of the tallest boys in the class.

comparative:-He is taller than most other boys in the class.

superlative:-   Saudi Arabia is one of the hottest countries in the world.

comparative:-Saudi Arabia is hotter than most other countries in the world.

superlative:-   Iron is one of the most useful metals.

comparative:-Iron is more useful than most other metals.

structure:-

superlative:-   subject+verb+one of the+superlative degree+noun+ext.

comparative:-subject+verb+comparative degree+than most other+noun+ext.

the noun after one of the/than most other will be plural number.

LEARNING DEGREES OF CHANGE

Degrees of Comparison

How to Interchange Different Degrees

With a view to interchanging different degrees from one  to another depends on some rules.These rules are so essential that without learning and practice  them properly we can turn one kind degree into another kind.These kind of degrees of change are of three kinds.They are

1)superlative to positive

2)superlative to comparative

3)comparative to positive

4)comparative to superlative

5)positive to superlative

6)positive to comparative

Now we are going to learn and practice the rules of degrees of change by turn.

Superlative to Positive

Read the following sentence:-

She is the best house wife I have ever seen.

No other house wife I have ever seen  is so good as she.

He is the wisest man in the village.

No other man in the village is so wise as he

structure:-

Subject+verb+the+superlative degree+noun+ext.

No other +noun+ext.+verb+so+positive degree+as+subject.

If there is of any/of all after the superlative degree,in positive degree we have to delete of any/of all.i.e.

It burns the prettiest of any wood.

No other wood burns so pretty as it.

Mutton chop was the cheapest of all dishes on the menu.

No other dish on the menu was so cheap as mutton chop.

After no other in the sentence of a positive degree,a singular number noun/noun phrase is used.So after no word +noun/noun phrase,the verb will be singular.

Read the following sentence

He is one of the best boys in the class.

Very few boys in the class are so good as he.

Iron is one of the most useful  metals.

Very few metals are so useful as iron.

structure:-

Subject+verb+one of the+superlative degree+noun+ext.

Very few+noun+ext.+verb+so+positive degree+as +subject.

After very few in positive degree a plural noun/noun phrase is used ,as the noun/noun phrase after one of the+superlative degree is plural.So the verb after the noun/noun phrase of very few will be plural.

LEARNING DEGREES OF CHANGE

Degrees of Conversion

How to use different degrees

7)In affirmative sentence,to compare between two equal person/thing/animal as.........as  is used but  in negative sentence so/as............as is used in that case.i.e.

He is as tall as his brother.

She is not so/as beautiful as her cousin.

8)To compare between two or more persons/things/animals which are not equal a comparative degree with er is used and than is also used after it.i.e.

Potatoes are cheaper than tomatoes.

9)To show increase/decrease gradually,double comparatives linked with and are used.i.e.

The sooner,the better.

The more he gets ,the more he wants.

10)very is used before positive degree and much is used before comparative degree.i.e.

I am very glad to meet you.

The sum is much easier.

11)Again very is used before present participle(verb-ing) and much is used before past participle(verb-d/ed/t).i.e.

The journey is very interesting.

He became much annoyed.

In order to interchange different degrees of change,we have to remember the above rules .If we know them ,we can use degrees of change easily and perfectly. 

LEARNING DEGREES OF CHANGE

Degrees of Comparison

How to use degrees of change

1)when a comparative degree is used  for the comparison of two or more thing/person/animal of a same class,than any /all other will be used after the comparative degree.i.e.

Nazrul is greater than any other poet.

Nazrul is greater than all other poets.

a singular number noun is used after than any other but a plural noun is used after than all other.

2)when a comparative degree is used for the comparison of different qualities of a person/thing,more will be put before the positive degree but er will not added after positive degree.i.e.

He is more brave than strong.

3)the following comparative degrees are always used in positive degree i.e.

interior,ulterior,exterior,major,minor,upper,inner,outer,former,latter,elder

He is the former manager of this bank.

4)In order to select/identify one from two things/persons/animals,the will be used before comparative degree.i.e 

He is the taller of the two boys..

5)while comparison between two nouns,if the possessive case of first noun is used,the possessive case of second noun will also be used .In that case than that/those of can be used without  writing the second noun.i.e

John's hair is blacker than Jamal's.

or John's hair is blacker than that/those of Jamal.

6)If there are too many adjective in the same sentence,degree of comparison will be used for all of them.i.e.

Jawed  is the wisest and most intelligent boy in the team.

LEARNING DEGREES OF CHANGE

Degrees of comparison

Degrees of Change

With a view to comparing  quality/quantity,degrees of change are used.It means to express some one /something quality/quantity without comparing,comparing between two same person/thing and comparing among all/many.When there is no comparison,a positive degree is used.When there is comparison between two same person/thing,a comparative degree is used.When there is comparison among all,a superlative degree is used.So ,we can say ;degrees of change are of three kinds.They are 1)positive,2)comparative and3)superlative

How to build/form different degrees

1)Usually we have to add er after a positive degree to make it comparative degree and est after a positive degree to make it superlative degree.For example;

positive                                                   comparative                                          superlative

cold                                                          colder                                                  coldest

poor                                                        poorer                                                  poorest

big                                                          bigger                                                   biggest 

fat                                                           fatter                                                     fattest

fine                                                          finer                                                     finest

wise                                                        wiser                                                   wisest

dry                                                          drier                                                    driest

pretty                                                     prettier                                                 prettiest

gay                                                         gayer                                                  gayest

2)when there is two or more syllable in a positive degree,to make it comparative degree more/less will have to be placed before the positive degree and most/least will be added before the positive degree to make it  superlative degree.For example;

positive                                        comparative                                                          superlative

beautiful                                   more/less beautiful                                                most/least beautiful

honest                                     more/less honest                                                    most/least honest

interesting                               more/less interesting                                                most/least interesting

3)There is no rule for making comparative/superlative degree from  the following positive degree:-

positive                                     comparative                                                   superlative

good                                        better                                                                   best

bad/evil/ill                                 worse                                                                  worst

much/many                                more                                                                   most

old                                           older/elder                                                        oldest/eldest

fore                                          former                                                              foremost/first

late                                          later                                                                  latest

4)when the following adverbs are used for comparison,they will be used as adjective and changed in the following way:-

positive                                              comparative                                                superlative

up                                                      upper                                                             uppermost

out                                                      outer                                                            utmost

far                                                      farther                                                           farthest

LEARNING TRANSFORMATION OF SENTENCE

Transformation of Sentence

Assertive to Imperative

Read the following sentence:-

Assertive:- You should do the sum.

Imperative:-Do the sum.

Assertive:-You may sing a song.

Imperative:-Sing a song.

structure:-

Assertive:-you+auxiliary verb+verb+ext.

Imperative:-verb+ext.

Read the following sentence:-

Assertive:-You should not run in the sun.

Imperative:-Do not run in the sun.

Assertive:-You do not waste your time.

Imperative:-Do not waste your time.

structure:-

Assertive:-you +auxiliary verb+not+verb+ext.

Imperative:-do+not+verb+ext.

Read the following sentence:-

Assertive:-You should never tell a lie.

Imperative:-Never tell a lie.

structure:-

Assertive:-you +should+never+verb+ext.

Imperative:-never+verb+ext.

Read the bellow sentence:-

Assertive:-He plays cricket

Imperative:-Let him play cricket.

Assertive:-We should go out.

Imperative:-Let us go out.

Assertive:-She sings a song.

Imperative:-Let her sing a song.

structure:-

Assertive:-I/We/He/She/Noun+verb+ext.

Imperative:-Let+me/us/him/her/them/noun+verb+ext.

Read the bellow sentence:-

Assertive:-We do not do it.

Imperative:-Let  us not do it.

Assertive:-John does not go there.

Imperative:- Let not John go there.

structure:-

Assertive:-I/we/he/she/they/+auxiliary verb+not+verb+ext.

Imperative:-Let me/us/him/her/them+not+verb+ext.

Assertive:-Noun+auxiliary verb+not+verb+ext.

Imperative:-Let not+noun+verb+ext.

LEARNING TRANSFORMATION OF SENTENCE

Transformation of Sentence

Assertive to Exclamatory

Read the following sentence:-

Assertive:- It is a very nice story.

Exclamatory:-What a nice story it is!

Assertive:-You are a very beautiful girl.

Exclamatory:-What a beautiful girl you are!

structure:-

Assertive:-subject+verb+a+very+adjective/adverb+ext.

Exclamatory:-what+a/an+adjective/adverb+ext.+subject+verb!

Read the bellow sentence:-

Assertive:-The scenery looks very nice.

Exclamatory:-How nice the scenery looks!

Assertive:-The tree is very tall.

Exclamatory:-How tall the is!

structure:-

Assertive:-subject+verb+very+adjective/adverb+ext.

Exclamatory:-how +adjective/adverb+ext.+subject+verb!

Read the following sentence:-

Assertive:-I wish I were a child again.

Exclamatory:-If I were a child again!

Assertive:-I wish I had the wings of a bird.

Exclamatory:-If I had the wings of a bird!

structure:-

Assertive:-subject+wish+subject+verb+ext.

Exclamatory:-if +subject+verb+ext.!

Read the bellow sentence:-

Assertive:-We wish we could shift there.

Exclamatory:-Would that we could shift there!

structure:-

Assertive:-subject+wish+subject+could+verb+ext.

Exclamatory:- would that+subject+could+verb+ext!

LEARNING TRANSFORMATION OF SENTENCE

Transformation of Sentence

 Exclamatory to Assertive

Read the bellow sentence:-

What a nice baby you are!

You are a very nice baby.

What an excellent idea it is!

It is a very excellent idea.

structure:-

what +a/an+adjective/adverb+subject+verb!

subject+verb+a+very+adjective/adverb.

in assertive sentence,what +a/an  is replaced by a very and these are used after verb and before adjective/adverb.

Read the bellow sentence:-

How beautifully you sings!

You sings very beautifully.

How nice the scenery is!

The scenery is very nice.

structure:-

how+adjective/adverb+subject+verb!

subject+verb+very+adjective/adverb.

in assertive sentence ,how is replaced by very and it is used after verb.

Read the bellow sentence:-

Hurrah!we have won.

It is a matter of joy that we have won.

Hurrah!your brother has gone abroad.

It is a matter of joy that  your brother has gone abroad.

Alas!I am undone.

It is a matter of sorrow that I am undone.

structure:-

Hurrah!subject+verb+ext.

It is a matter of joy that +subject+verb+ext.

Alas!subject+verb+ext

It is a matter of sorrow that +subject+verb+ext.

Hurrah is replaced by it is a matter of joy and Alas is replaced  by it is a matter of sorrow.

Read the following sentence:-

If I were a king!

I wish I were a king.

If I sang a song!

I wish I sang a song.

structure:-

If +subject+were/verb(past)+ext.!

Subject+wish+subject+were/verb(past)+ext.

Read the bellow sentence:-

Were I a child again!

I wish I were a child again.

Had they a car!

They wish they had a car.

structure:-

Were/Had+subject+ext.!

subject+wish+subject+were/had+ext.

Read the following sentence:-

Would that we could play cricket!

We wish we could play cricket.

structure:-

Would that+subject+could+verb+ext.!

subject+wish+subject+could +verb+ext.

 For if /would that subject+wish is used in assertive sentence.