LEARNING TO CHANGE NARRATION/SPEECH

"Narration/Speech"

In order to convert a direct speech into an indirect speech,the following things are considered:

The reporting verb will be changed according to the type of reported speech:

a.If the reported speech is an assertive sentence ,say or tell will be used instead of reporting verb (say).In this case tell will be used if there is an object of the reporting verb.otherwise say will not be changed.and the tense of  say/tell will be according to the tense of reporting verb.

b. If the reported speech is an interrogative sentence,ask will be used instead of reporting verb say and  the tense for ask will be according to the tense of reporting verb.

c.If the reported speech is an imperative sentence,the reporting verb will be changed in the following way:

1.If there is seen verb+ext, in reported speech ,say will be changed by order ,command,request,advice,ask,tell etc. according to the tense of reporting verb(say).

2.If there is seen do not +verb+ext in reported speech,say will be changed by forbid,ask,tell according to the tense of reporting verb (say).

3.If there is  seen let+ me/her/them/him+ext.  in reported speech, say will be replaced by ask or tell according to the tense of reporting verb (say).

4. If there is seen let+us+ext. in reported speech,say will be replaced by propose or suggest according to the tense of reporting verb (say).


d.if there is  seen an optative sentence in reported speech,reporting verb 'say ' will be replaced by wish or pray according to the tense of reporting verb (say).


e.if there is seen an exclamatory sentence in reported speech, say will be replaced by exclaim or cry out according to the tense of reporting verb (say).


(In the above mentioned cases,the tense of replaced  verbs will be according to the tense of reporting  verb of direct speech)


Exceptions:


 a.If there is seen thank you in reported speech,say will be replaced by thank according to the tense of reporting verb (say).
b.If there is seen good bye/bye-bye in reported speech,say will be replaced by bid/bade according to the tense of reporting verb (say).
c.If there is seen good morning/good night/good afternoon in reported speech,say will be replaced by wish according to the tense of reporting verb(say).
d.If there is seen no verb,no subject/object in direct speech for a reported speech,(The speaker said to the person spoken to) will be used there  before the reported speech in indirect speech.

LEARNING TO CHANGE NARRATION/SPEECH

"Narration/Speech"

In order to convert a direct speech into an indirect speech ,we firstly find out what kind of sentence the reported speech is.Then  we have to find out the bellow things:

a.person of the subject and object of reporting verb

b.person of the subject and object of the reported speech

c.tense  both reporting verb and verb of reported speech

d.some  adverb.

We can find out easily what kind of sentence the reported speech is if we remember the bellow structure:

a.if there is seen subj.+verb+ext. In the reported speech,it is an assertive sentence.

b.if there is a question mark (?)  at the end of the reported speech,it is an interrogative sentence.

c.if the reported speech starts with a verb or there is seen verb+ext or do not +verb +ext or let +noun/pron.+verb+ext. It is an imperative sentence

d.if there is seen may +subj.+verb +adj. Or adj. +verb +noun orpronoun,it is an optative sentence

e.if there is seen a sign of exclamation (!)  at the end of the reported speech ,it is an exclamatory sentence. 

Read the bellow sentence:

He said , "I am reading."

Here the reported speech " I am reading"  is an assertive sentence.

He said to me ,"How are you?"

Here the reported speech " How are you?"  is an interrogative sentence.

He said to me,"Do not cry."

Here the reported speech "Do not cry." is an imperative sentence.

He said to me,"May you live long."

Here the reported speech "May you live long." is an optative sentence.

He said,"How nice he sings!"

Here the reported speech "How nice he sings!" is an exclamatory sentence.

LEARNING TO CHANGE NARRATION/SPEECH

"Narration/Speech"

What the speaker says,is called narration or speech.Speeches are of two kinds.a.direct speech and b.indirect speech.When the speech is expressed according to the speaker's language,it is a direct speech.When the speech is expressed in other people(listener) language,it is an indirect speech.For example 

He says,''I am honest.''

He says that he is honest.

From the above sentences;the first one is a direct speech and the later one is an indirect speech.

The sentence or clause within the inverted comma is called a reported speech.The verb outside the reported speech is called reporting verb and the noun or pronoun which performs the reporting verb is the subject of reporting verb and the noun or pronoun after reporting verb is the object of the reporting verb.

In first sentence''He'' is a subj. "says" is reporting verb and " I am honest"  is a reported speech.

Read the bellow direct speeches:

He said,"I am  reading my  lesson."

They said to you,"How are you?"

Mother said to her son,"Do as I want."

I said to him,"May God bless you."

She said,"How sweet the girl is!"

Read the bellow indirect speech:

He said that he was reading his lesson.

They asked you how you were.

Mother told her son to do as she wanted.

I wished that God might bless him.

She exclaimed that the girl was very sweet.