LEARNING TO CHANGE NARRATION/SPEECH

Narration/speech

Assertive sentence

Read the following sentence:

Direct:   He says,''I am unwell.''

Indirect: He says that he is unwell.

Direct :   I will say ,''I can help Rana.''

Indirect :I will say that I can help Rana.

Direct :  You have said,''I did this.''

Indirect :You have said that you did it .

Direct :I say to him,''You are honest.''

Indirect: I tell him that he is honest.

Direct :He says to me,''you are intelligent''

Indirect :He tells me that I am intelligent.

Direct :They will say to you,''You were clever.''

Indirect:They will tell you that you were clever.

Structure:

1.Direct :subj.+say/says/will say,''subj.+verb+ext.''

Indirect : subj.+say/says/will say +that +changing person of the subj. +verb +ext.

2.Direct:subj.+say/says/will say  +to +obj.,''subj.+verb+ext.''

Indirect:subj.+tell/tells/will tell +obj. +that+changing person of subj.+verb +ext.

Note when the reporting verb is in present or future tense ,the tense of verb in reported speech will be unchanged.only the person of subject and object in reported will be changed according to the person changing rules.Here we can recollect the rules again

a.first person word of reported speech will be changed according to the subj.of reporting verb.

b.second person word of reported speech will be changed according to the obj.of reporting verb.

c.third person word will remain unchanged.

Read the bellow sentence:

Direct:He said,''Man is mortal''

Indirect:He said that man is mortal.

Direct :The teacher said,''The earth moves round the sun''

Indirect :The teacher said that the earth moves round the sun.

Here the reported speech is a universal truth or habitual fact.Therefore,instead of the reporting verb in past tense,the tense of verb in reported speech will remain unchanged.Only a conjunction (that) is used here deleting comma and inverted comma.

LEARNING TO CHANGE NARRATION/SPEECH

Narration/Speech

In order to convert a dirrect speech into an indirect speech,when the reporting verb is in past tense,the tense of verb of reported speech will be changed also.

How to change tense of verb

direct                                                                                                                           indirect

am/is/are.....................................................................................................................was,were

have/has .....................................................................................................................had

verb (present) ............................................................................................................verb(past)

do/does .....................................................................................................................did

shall/will ....................................................................................................................would

can ..........................................................................................................................could

may ..........................................................................................................................might

How to change adverb

direct                                                                                                                            indirect

now ...............................................................................................................................then

today .............................................................................................................................that day

tomorrow.......................................................................................................................the next day or

the following day

here ...............................................................................................................................there

thus ...............................................................................................................................so

ago.................................................................................................................................before

this .................................................................................................................................that

these ..............................................................................................................................those

yesterday .................................................................................................................... the previous day

last month/night ................................................................................................the previous month/night

next day/week ...........................................................................................................the following week

If there is time after this ,that will be used for this.when this or these is used adjective,the will be used for them.when here indicates any place clearly,there will be used for it.otherwise; here will be changed according to meaning.

When we indicate human being ,both speaker and person spoken to(listener),we remain unchanged.

For editorial we,it should be used for we then.

Usually had to is used for must.For a future obligation,'would have to'  is used for must.if must is used.

 For a universal obligation,must remain unchanged.

LEARNING TO CHANGE NARRATION/SPEECH

Narration/Speech

In order to turn a direct speech into an indirect speech,the following things of reported speech will have to change also:

a.person of subject , object and possessive adjective.

b.tense of verb

c.some adjective and adverb

How to change person

1.If there is first person word (I,We,me,us,my,our) in reported speech,the word will be changed according to the person and number and gender of the subject of reporting verb.

2.If there is second person word (you,your) in reported speech ,the word  will be changed according to the person and number and gender of the object of reporting verb.

3.If there is third person word( he,him,his,she,her,they,them,their,it,its,noun etc) in reported speech,the word will not be changed.

How to change tense of verb

1.If the reporting verb is in present tense or future tense,the tense of the verb of reported speech will be unchanged.

2.If the reported speech express any habitual fact or univesal truth in present tense,despite the reporting verb is in past tense,the tense of verb of reported speech will be unchanged.

3.If the reporting verb is in past tense ,the tense of the verb of reported speech will be changea in the following way:

a.present/future simple will be past simple

b.present/future continuous will be past continuous

c.present/future perfect will be past perfect

d.present/future perfect continuous will be past perfect continuous

e.past simple will be past perfect

f.past continuous will be past perfect continuous

past perfect and past perfect continuous will be unchanged.

Modals will be changed in the bellow way

  can...................................................................................................... could,

  shall.....................................................................................................should,

   may....................................................................................................might,

   will ................................................................................................... would,

    must .................................................................................................had to

    (could,should .would,might,used to ,ought to ,had to remain unchanged.)

LEARNING TO CHANGE NARRATION/SPEECH

Narration/Speech

In order to convert a direct speech into an indirect speech,there are some other things to consider(using conjunction,changing person and adverb of reported speech,tense of verb )

Comma after reporting verb and inverted comma of reported speech will be deleted and a conjunction should be placed in the following way:

1.If the reported speech is an assertive sentence/an optative sentence/an exclamatory sentence/an imperative sentence started with let,that is used as a conjunction after deleting comma and inverted comma.

2.If the reported speech is an interrogative sentence ,a conjunction is used there in the following way:

a.If the reported speech is a wh-question,wh-word will be used as a conjunction.

b.If the reported speech is a yes-no question or aux. Verb question,if or whether will be used as a conjunction.

3.If the reported speech is an imperative sentence,comma and inverted comma will be deleted in the following way:

a.If the reported speech is an imperative sentence  started with a verb,no conjunction is used and preposition 'to'  is used there for deleting comma and inverted comma.

b.If the reported speech is an imperative sentence started  with do not+verb+ext.,'not to ' will be used there for deleting comma and inverted comma.