Number

To change a singular number word into a plural number word ,there are some other rules.They are:-

4).If a singular number word ends with "-f/fe","-v" will be placed instead of "-f/fe" and "-es" will be added after "-v" in plural number.i.e.

singular.........plural

leaf---------leaves

calf--------calves

loaf--------loaves

wife-------wives

There are some exceptions also.i.e.

singular.........plural

roof---------roofs

cliff---------cliffs

chief-------chiefs

reef---------reefs

The following singular words are changed in plural form using both the ways.i.e.

singular.........plural

hoof-------hoofs/hooves

wharf-----wharfs/wharves

scarf------scarfs/scarves

staff------staves

5).If a singular number word ends with "-o" and there is a consonant before it,"-es" will be added after that"-o" in plural number.i.e.

singular.........plural

hero--------heroes

potato-----potatoes

mango----mangoes

Exception:- If any singular number word ends with "-o" and there is a vowel before it,"-s" will be added after that"-o" in plural number.i.e.  

singular.........plural

studio------studios

cuckoo----cuckoos

bamboo---bamboos

But there are some rare exception also.i.e.

singular.........plural

photo------photos

radio------radios

piano-----pianos

canto----cantos

The following singular words are changed in plural form using both the ways.i.e.

singular.........plural

portico---porticos/porticoes

calico----calicos/calicoes

mosquito---mosquitos/mosquitoes

Number

To count the amount of persons/things/animal,number is used.There are two types of number.One is singular number and the rest is plural number.Singular number indicates a person/thing/animal.On other hand plural number indicates several/many persons/things/animals.

With a view to changing a singular number word into a plural number word,one needs to follow some guidelines.They are as bellows:-

1).Generally "-s" is added after a singular number word to make it a plural number word.For example,

singular.........plural

pen----------pens

book--------books

girl----------girls

dog---------dogs

boy----------boys

2).If there are "-s,sh,ss,ch,x,z" at the end of a singular number word and these letters are softly pronounced,"-es" will have to be added after the singular word to make it a plural word.i.e.

singular.........plural

bus----------buses

ass----------asses

dish---------dishes

branch------branches

box---------boxes

fez----------fezes

Exception:-If "-ch" at the end of a singular number word is pronounced hardly like "-k",only "-s" will be added to make it a plural word.i.e.

singular.........plural

monarch----monarchs

stomach----stomachs

3).If any singular number word ends with "-y" and there is a consonant before that "-y" ,this "-y" will be deleted and "-i" will be placed there instead of that "-y"and then "-es" will be added in plural number.

 singular.........plural

baby--------babies

story-------stories

fly---------flies

city-------cities

Exception:-If there is a vowel before the"-y" in any singular number word,only "-s" will be added in plural number.i.e.

 singular.........plural

toy----------toys

day---------days

monkey----monkeys

boy--------boys

Compound.complex(Transformation of Sentence)

With a view to learning to change a complex sentence into a compound sentence,we should have to find out the  principle clause and the subordinate clause from it and then we have to make /turn them in a compound sentence using an appropriate conjunction.In this lesson we are going to change a complex sentence where a relative pronoun (who/which/whom/that) has been used into a compound sentence.

Read the following sentences:-

Complex:-I know the boy who came here.

Compound:-I know the boy and he came here.

Complex:-This is the lady whom you met.

Compound:-This is the lady and  you met her.

Complex:-This is the book which you lost.

Compound:-This is the book and you lost it.

Complex:-The machine that you imported are working well.

Compound:- you imported the machine and they  are working well.

Structure:-

Complex:-subject+verb+noun/pronoun +relative pronoun+verb+ext.

Compound:-subject+verb+noun/pronoun +and+pronoun of the antecedent of the relative pronoun+verb+ext.

Rules:-

If there is a relative pronoun in the complex sentence,it will be deleted in compound sentence by "and".After "and" a pronoun of the antecedent will be used.Here the noun or pronoun before the relative pronoun is called antecedent.

Complex.Compound/ (Transformation of Sentence)

With a view to learning to change complex sentence into compound sentence,there are some procedure to follow.If one knows clause,can interchange them,use tense of verb perfectly,one can easily be able to change a complex sentence into a compound sentence.In this lesson ,we are going to learn and practice  some other complex sentences and their changing .


Read the following sentences:-


Complex :We read so that we can pass in the exam.
Compound :We read and can pass in the exam.

Complex ;All takes food so that all can live.
Compound :All takes food and can live.

Complex :You worked hard so that you could shine in life.
Compound :You worked hard  and could shine in life.


Structure:-



Complex: subject+verb+so that+subject+can/could+verb+ext.
Compound :subject+verb+subject+can/could+verb+ext.


Rule:-


If a complex sentence is found having connected with" so that ",in order to change it into a compound sentence we need to delete so that from it and link both the clauses with " and".If both the subjective words are the same words,then the subject after "and" won't be used.