Number

Exceptions:-

1)The following words are always in singular;they have no plural form. i.e.

Furniture,Scenery,Information,Poetry,Machinery,Expenditure,Issue,Bread etc.

2)The following words are always in plural,they have no singular form .i.e.

Aristocracy,Gentry,Nobility,Peasantry,Cattle,Poultry,Majority,Tenantry,Perfumery, Artillery,Vermin,People, Public,Mankind,Clergy,Government etc.

3)Though the following words seems to be plural,they are always used in singular number .i.e.

Mathematics,Physics,Politics,Economics,News,Ethics,Optics,Innings,Wages,Gallows,Athletics etc.

4)Generally Fruit,Fish,brick,hair,Alphabet are used in singular number;but when they refer different meaning,they can be plural number.

5)The following words are always used in plural number i.e.

Alms,Amends,Mumps,Measles,Scissors,Trousers,Spectacles,Environs, Nuptials,Proceeds,Bowels,Tidings,Assets,Belongings,Savings,Earnings, Surroundings,Aborigines,Ashes,Entrails,Fetters,Vitals etc.But amends,mumps,measles,alms,tidings can be used in singular form also.

6)The following words are always similar in both singular number and plural number .i.e,

Deer,Sheep,Canon,Gross,Pice,Apparatus,Swine,Spices,Innings,Corps,Salmon etc.

7)If there is the following numeral words used before a noun,the noun will not be plural.i.e.

Dozen,Brace,Fathom,Yoke,Score,Pair,Hundred,Thousand,Head etc.

8)If the following numeral words are used before a noun and the numerals indicate double or triple,the noun word will be plural i.e.

Some,Several,A few, lots of ,Many etc.

Number

11)There some singular words which have two different meaning plural forms .i.e.


singular------------------------------plural

Brother------------------------------------------------1)Brothers,2)Brethren

Cloth---------------------------------------------------1)Cloths,2)Clothes

Beef----------------------------------------------------1)Beefs, 2)Beeves

Die------------------------------------------------------1)Dies,2)Dice

Shot----------------------------------------------------1)Shot,2)Shots

Index-------------------------------------------------1)Indexes,2)Indices

Penny-----------------------------------------------1)Pennies,2)Pence

Fish--------------------------------------------------1)Fishes,2)Fish

Sail---------------------------------------------------1)Sail,2)Sails

Genius---------------------------------------------1)Genii,2)Geniuses

12)The following singular words have two meaning ,on the other hand their plural forms have only a meaning i.e.2)

singular------------------------------plural

Horse----------------------------------------------------Horses

Word-----------------------------------------------------Words

Foot-------------------------------------------------------Feet

People--------------------------------------------------Peoples

Force---------------------------------------------------Forces

13)The following singular words have a meaning but their plural forms have two meaning.i.e.


singular------------------------------plural

Colour----------------------------------------------------Colours

Arm-------------------------------------------------------Arms

Pain------------------------------------------------------Pains

Part------------------------------------------------------Parts

Morals--------------------------------------------------Morals

14)The  meaning of thefollowing singular forms is different from their plural forms .i.e.

singular------------------------------plural

Advice------------------------------------------------------Advices

Sand---------------------------------------------------------Sands

Iron-----------------------------------------------------------Irons

Corn---------------------------------------------------------Corns

Good--------------------------------------------------------Goods

Return-----------------------------------------------------Returns

Air------------------------------------------------------------Airs

Content-----------------------------------------------------Contents

Number

If man in a compound noun in singular word does not refer to a human,only "s" should be added after the  word to make it in plural form.i.e.

singular.........................plural

German......................Germans

Norman......................Normans

Mussalman...............Mussalmans

Brahman.....................Brahmans

9)If there is full with a singular compound noun,only "s" is added to make it a plural noun.i.e.

singular.........................plural

Handfull.......................Handfulls

Spoonfull...................Spoonfulls

Mouthfull...................Mouthfulls

10)If a compound noun has many parts,the main part of it should be turned into plural word.i.e.

singular........................................plural

Brother-in-law.........................Brothers-in-law

Father-in-law..........................Fathers-in-law

Mother-in-law........................Mothers-in-law

Passer-by..............................Passers-by

Step-brother..........................Step-brothers

Maid-servant.........................Maid-servants

Commander-in-chief...........Commanders-in-chief

Book-case.............................Book-cases

Book-shelf............................Book-shelfs

Forget-me-not.......................Forget-me-nots

Poet-laurete..........................Poet-lauretes

Major-general.......................Major-generals

Number

To change a singular number word into a plural number word ,there are some other rules.They are:-

6) sometimes,plural words can be formed by changing any vowel in some singular words i.e.

singular....................plural

man.........................men

woman.....................woman

foot..........................feet

goose......................geese

mouse......................mice

louse.......................lice

tooth.......................teeth

7)Plural words can be made by adding en/ren/ne after singular words.i.e.

singular....................plural

ox............................oxen

child.......................children

brother...................brothers/brethren

cow........................kine/cows

8)If a compound noun ends with man which refers to any human being,it can be turned into plural form by changing a vowel in man .i.e.

singular....................plural

fisherman.............fishermen

boatman............boatmen

workman...........workmen

salesman...........salesmen

milkman...........milkmen

man-of-war....men-of-war

Number

To change a singular number word into a plural number word ,there are some other rules.They are:-

4).If a singular number word ends with "-f/fe","-v" will be placed instead of "-f/fe" and "-es" will be added after "-v" in plural number.i.e.

singular.........plural

leaf---------leaves

calf--------calves

loaf--------loaves

wife-------wives

There are some exceptions also.i.e.

singular.........plural

roof---------roofs

cliff---------cliffs

chief-------chiefs

reef---------reefs

The following singular words are changed in plural form using both the ways.i.e.

singular.........plural

hoof-------hoofs/hooves

wharf-----wharfs/wharves

scarf------scarfs/scarves

staff------staves

5).If a singular number word ends with "-o" and there is a consonant before it,"-es" will be added after that"-o" in plural number.i.e.

singular.........plural

hero--------heroes

potato-----potatoes

mango----mangoes

Exception:- If any singular number word ends with "-o" and there is a vowel before it,"-s" will be added after that"-o" in plural number.i.e.  

singular.........plural

studio------studios

cuckoo----cuckoos

bamboo---bamboos

But there are some rare exception also.i.e.

singular.........plural

photo------photos

radio------radios

piano-----pianos

canto----cantos

The following singular words are changed in plural form using both the ways.i.e.

singular.........plural

portico---porticos/porticoes

calico----calicos/calicoes

mosquito---mosquitos/mosquitoes

Number

To count the amount of persons/things/animal,number is used.There are two types of number.One is singular number and the rest is plural number.Singular number indicates a person/thing/animal.On other hand plural number indicates several/many persons/things/animals.

With a view to changing a singular number word into a plural number word,one needs to follow some guidelines.They are as bellows:-

1).Generally "-s" is added after a singular number word to make it a plural number word.For example,

singular.........plural

pen----------pens

book--------books

girl----------girls

dog---------dogs

boy----------boys

2).If there are "-s,sh,ss,ch,x,z" at the end of a singular number word and these letters are softly pronounced,"-es" will have to be added after the singular word to make it a plural word.i.e.

singular.........plural

bus----------buses

ass----------asses

dish---------dishes

branch------branches

box---------boxes

fez----------fezes

Exception:-If "-ch" at the end of a singular number word is pronounced hardly like "-k",only "-s" will be added to make it a plural word.i.e.

singular.........plural

monarch----monarchs

stomach----stomachs

3).If any singular number word ends with "-y" and there is a consonant before that "-y" ,this "-y" will be deleted and "-i" will be placed there instead of that "-y"and then "-es" will be added in plural number.

 singular.........plural

baby--------babies

story-------stories

fly---------flies

city-------cities

Exception:-If there is a vowel before the"-y" in any singular number word,only "-s" will be added in plural number.i.e.

 singular.........plural

toy----------toys

day---------days

monkey----monkeys

boy--------boys

Compound.complex(Transformation of Sentence)

With a view to learning to change a complex sentence into a compound sentence,we should have to find out the  principle clause and the subordinate clause from it and then we have to make /turn them in a compound sentence using an appropriate conjunction.In this lesson we are going to change a complex sentence where a relative pronoun (who/which/whom/that) has been used into a compound sentence.

Read the following sentences:-

Complex:-I know the boy who came here.

Compound:-I know the boy and he came here.

Complex:-This is the lady whom you met.

Compound:-This is the lady and  you met her.

Complex:-This is the book which you lost.

Compound:-This is the book and you lost it.

Complex:-The machine that you imported are working well.

Compound:- you imported the machine and they  are working well.

Structure:-

Complex:-subject+verb+noun/pronoun +relative pronoun+verb+ext.

Compound:-subject+verb+noun/pronoun +and+pronoun of the antecedent of the relative pronoun+verb+ext.

Rules:-

If there is a relative pronoun in the complex sentence,it will be deleted in compound sentence by "and".After "and" a pronoun of the antecedent will be used.Here the noun or pronoun before the relative pronoun is called antecedent.

Complex.Compound/ (Transformation of Sentence)

With a view to learning to change complex sentence into compound sentence,there are some procedure to follow.If one knows clause,can interchange them,use tense of verb perfectly,one can easily be able to change a complex sentence into a compound sentence.In this lesson ,we are going to learn and practice  some other complex sentences and their changing .


Read the following sentences:-


Complex :We read so that we can pass in the exam.
Compound :We read and can pass in the exam.

Complex ;All takes food so that all can live.
Compound :All takes food and can live.

Complex :You worked hard so that you could shine in life.
Compound :You worked hard  and could shine in life.


Structure:-



Complex: subject+verb+so that+subject+can/could+verb+ext.
Compound :subject+verb+subject+can/could+verb+ext.


Rule:-


If a complex sentence is found having connected with" so that ",in order to change it into a compound sentence we need to delete so that from it and link both the clauses with " and".If both the subjective words are the same words,then the subject after "and" won't be used.

complex.compound

Transformation of Sentence

Learning to change complex sentence to compound sentence

With a view to learning to change complex sentence  into compound sentence,one needs to make both  the clauses of complex sentence into different clauses linking by coordinating conjunction.If the subject of both the clauses  is a same person and number word,it will be used at first clause and it should  not be used after the coordinating conjunction.

Read the bellow sentences:-

Complex:Since the weather was rough,I could not go there.

Compound:The weather was rough and I could not go there

Complex:As I was ill yesterday,I could not attend the function.

Compound: I was ill yesterday and could not attend the function.

Complex:When they reached home, they found him absent.

Compound:They reached home and  found him absent.

Complex:Since the old man was not well,he could not do it.

Compound:The old man was not well and could not do it.

Complex:As we are human being,we cannot do harm to others.

Compound:We are human being and cannot do harm to others.

Structure:-

Complex:As/since/because+subject+verb+ext.,subject+verb+ext.

Compound:subject+verb+ext. and subject+verb+ext.

Rule:-

If there are since/as/because clauses in complex sentence.these conjunctions will be deleted and the clauses will be joined by "and " in compound sentence.

complex compound

Transformation of sentence 

Learning to change complex sentence into compound sentence:-

Read the following sentence:-

Complex:-If you do not read ,you will fail in the examination,

Compound:-Read or you will fail in the examination,

Complex:-If you do not work hard,you won't shine in life.

Compound:-Work hard or you won't shine in life.

Complex:-If you do not attend classes regularly,you won't learn well.

Compound:-Attend classes regularly or you won't learn well.

Complex:-Unless you read ,you will fail in the examination, 

Compound:-Read  or you will fail in the examination, 

Complex:-Unless you work hard,you won't shine in life.

Compound:-Work hard or you won't shine in life.

Complex:-Unless you  attend classes regularly,you won't learn well.

Compound:-Attend classes regularly or you won't learn well.

Structure:-

Complex:-If +subj.+don't+verb+ext.,subj.+verb+ext.

Or:- Unless+subj.+verb+ext.,subj.+verb+ext.

Compound:-Verb+ext+or+subj.+verb+ext.

Rules:-

If there is found unless+subj. or if +subj.+don't+verb in any complex sentence,with a view to changing it into a compound sentence unless+subj. or if +subj.+don't will be deleted and or will be placed between the clauses.For different person subjective words in different clauses unless and if +auxiliary verb+not will be deleted.As unless means negative meaning,the clause with unless must be in affirmative.