Gender

       Gender

Gender are of four   types. They are 

1.Masculine gender

 2.Femine gender 

3.Common gender 

4.Neuter gender. 

The following tree of gender can easily indicate the different types of gender.

1.    Masculine gender:-It indicates the state of being male about a noun or pronoun.i.e. Boy,Man,Tiger 

2.Femine gender:-It indicates the state of being female about a noun or pronoun.i.e.Sister,Actress,Girl

3.Common    gender:-It indicates the state of being  both male and female about a noun or pronoun.i.e. Child,Friend,Baby

4.Neuter gender:-It indicates the state of being  neither male nor female about a noun or pronoun.i.e.tree,book,table

WHAT IS GENDER

Gender means the state of being male or female. It is used in grammatically to ideentify a noun or pronoun weather it is male / female or none of this. If any noun /pronoun indicates  neither male nor female ,then it may be common gender or neutral in gender.

Read the bellow sentences:-

Rahim is an old man.

Hehas three children.

 His wife is a young lady.

She does everything in her house.

Here the words Rahim,He,man indicate being the state of male.Again wife,lady,she indicate being the state of female. Children indicates being the state of  both male and female .But house everything can’t be identified in gender.

Number

Foreign plural:-

singular--------------------------------------------------plural

Axis-------------------------------------------------------------Axes

Analysis-------------------------------------------------------Analyses

Agendum------------------------------------------------------Agenda

Alumnus------------------------------------------------------Alumni

Appendix-----------------------------------------------------Apendices

Bandit----------------------------------------------------------Bandits/Banditii

Basis------------------------------------------------------------Bases

Bureau--------------------------------------------------------Bureaux/Bureaus

Crisis-----------------------------------------------------------Crises

Cherub---------------------------------------------------------Cherubium/Cherubs

Criterian-------------------------------------------------------Criteria

Datum----------------------------------------------------------Data

Erratum-------------------------------------------------------Errata

Focus---------------------------------------------------------Foci

Formula------------------------------------------------------Formulae/Formulas

Genus---------------------------------------------------------Genera

Hypothesis-------------------------------------------------Hypotheses

Locus---------------------------------------------------------Luci/Locuses

Medium-------------------------------------------------------Media

Memorandum---------------------------------------------Memoranda

Phenomenon----------------------------------------------Phenomena

Parenthesis-----------------------------------------------Parentheses

Oasis------------------------------------------------------------Oases

Referendum-------------------------------------------------Referenda

Radius--------------------------------------------------------Radii/Radiuses

Seraph--------------------------------------------------------Seraphim

Syllabus------------------------------------------------------Syllabi/Syllabuses

Thesis---------------------------------------------------------Theses

Terminus---------------------------------------------------Termini/Terminuses

Vertex-------------------------------------------------------Vertices

Number

Miscellaneous:-

singular-------------------------plural

Mr.-------------------------------------Messers

Mrs./Madame---------------------Mesdame

Mr. Zaman-------------------------Mr.Zamans

Master-------------------------------Misses

Miss Zaman.----------------------Miss Zamans

Master Zaman-------------------The Master Zamans

Number of pronoun:-

singular-------------------------plural

I--------------------------------------------------We

My---------------------------------------------Our

Me--------------------------------------------Us

Mine-----------------------------------------Ours

You------------------------------------------You

Your----------------------------------------Yours

He/She------------------------------------They

Him/Her----------------------------------Them

His/Her-----------------------------------Their

This--------------------------------------These

That-------------------------------------That

It-----------------------------------------They

Its---------------------------------------Their

Number

Exceptions:-


9)Some nouns may take plural forms.But when they make compound adjective and indicate some quantity or number,they will be singular and the following singular adjectives will be used before the compound adjective .i.e.a,an,one,this,that etc.For example:- a ten year boy,a five foot scale,a one taka note etc.


10)All fractions/portions are always plural except one part of the portion/fraction i.e.
Two thirds of the work.Three fives of the mango etc.


11)Length or quantity will be always in singular i.e. Fifty miles,Two months etc.


12)The name of any country /book will be in singular i.e.Great Expectations,The United State of  America etc.


13)If word means news or expectation or promise in a sentence, word will be in singular.


14)If a singular noun is used after lots/a lot/heaps/half,the verb after this noun will be singular and if a plural noun is used after lots/a lot/heaps/half,the verb after this noun will be plural.


15)More than one is always used in singular;so,the verb after it will be singular.If there are two/three after more than ,the verb will be plural.


16)If the same noun are linked with/by/to/after,they will be singular i.e.Day after day.


17)There is no plural form of any adjective.But if definite article "the" is used before an adjective,it will be a plural common noun and the verb after it will be plural.


18) Earlier 's is added after letter and figure to make them plural.Now-a-days '(apostropy) is not used in plural form.


19)Hunting birds or animals are used to indicate collective meaning,they will be plurals.

Number

Exceptions:-

1)The following words are always in singular;they have no plural form. i.e.

Furniture,Scenery,Information,Poetry,Machinery,Expenditure,Issue,Bread etc.

2)The following words are always in plural,they have no singular form .i.e.

Aristocracy,Gentry,Nobility,Peasantry,Cattle,Poultry,Majority,Tenantry,Perfumery, Artillery,Vermin,People, Public,Mankind,Clergy,Government etc.

3)Though the following words seems to be plural,they are always used in singular number .i.e.

Mathematics,Physics,Politics,Economics,News,Ethics,Optics,Innings,Wages,Gallows,Athletics etc.

4)Generally Fruit,Fish,brick,hair,Alphabet are used in singular number;but when they refer different meaning,they can be plural number.

5)The following words are always used in plural number i.e.

Alms,Amends,Mumps,Measles,Scissors,Trousers,Spectacles,Environs, Nuptials,Proceeds,Bowels,Tidings,Assets,Belongings,Savings,Earnings, Surroundings,Aborigines,Ashes,Entrails,Fetters,Vitals etc.But amends,mumps,measles,alms,tidings can be used in singular form also.

6)The following words are always similar in both singular number and plural number .i.e,

Deer,Sheep,Canon,Gross,Pice,Apparatus,Swine,Spices,Innings,Corps,Salmon etc.

7)If there is the following numeral words used before a noun,the noun will not be plural.i.e.

Dozen,Brace,Fathom,Yoke,Score,Pair,Hundred,Thousand,Head etc.

8)If the following numeral words are used before a noun and the numerals indicate double or triple,the noun word will be plural i.e.

Some,Several,A few, lots of ,Many etc.

Number

11)There some singular words which have two different meaning plural forms .i.e.


singular------------------------------plural

Brother------------------------------------------------1)Brothers,2)Brethren

Cloth---------------------------------------------------1)Cloths,2)Clothes

Beef----------------------------------------------------1)Beefs, 2)Beeves

Die------------------------------------------------------1)Dies,2)Dice

Shot----------------------------------------------------1)Shot,2)Shots

Index-------------------------------------------------1)Indexes,2)Indices

Penny-----------------------------------------------1)Pennies,2)Pence

Fish--------------------------------------------------1)Fishes,2)Fish

Sail---------------------------------------------------1)Sail,2)Sails

Genius---------------------------------------------1)Genii,2)Geniuses

12)The following singular words have two meaning ,on the other hand their plural forms have only a meaning i.e.2)

singular------------------------------plural

Horse----------------------------------------------------Horses

Word-----------------------------------------------------Words

Foot-------------------------------------------------------Feet

People--------------------------------------------------Peoples

Force---------------------------------------------------Forces

13)The following singular words have a meaning but their plural forms have two meaning.i.e.


singular------------------------------plural

Colour----------------------------------------------------Colours

Arm-------------------------------------------------------Arms

Pain------------------------------------------------------Pains

Part------------------------------------------------------Parts

Morals--------------------------------------------------Morals

14)The  meaning of thefollowing singular forms is different from their plural forms .i.e.

singular------------------------------plural

Advice------------------------------------------------------Advices

Sand---------------------------------------------------------Sands

Iron-----------------------------------------------------------Irons

Corn---------------------------------------------------------Corns

Good--------------------------------------------------------Goods

Return-----------------------------------------------------Returns

Air------------------------------------------------------------Airs

Content-----------------------------------------------------Contents

Number

If man in a compound noun in singular word does not refer to a human,only "s" should be added after the  word to make it in plural form.i.e.

singular.........................plural

German......................Germans

Norman......................Normans

Mussalman...............Mussalmans

Brahman.....................Brahmans

9)If there is full with a singular compound noun,only "s" is added to make it a plural noun.i.e.

singular.........................plural

Handfull.......................Handfulls

Spoonfull...................Spoonfulls

Mouthfull...................Mouthfulls

10)If a compound noun has many parts,the main part of it should be turned into plural word.i.e.

singular........................................plural

Brother-in-law.........................Brothers-in-law

Father-in-law..........................Fathers-in-law

Mother-in-law........................Mothers-in-law

Passer-by..............................Passers-by

Step-brother..........................Step-brothers

Maid-servant.........................Maid-servants

Commander-in-chief...........Commanders-in-chief

Book-case.............................Book-cases

Book-shelf............................Book-shelfs

Forget-me-not.......................Forget-me-nots

Poet-laurete..........................Poet-lauretes

Major-general.......................Major-generals

Number

To change a singular number word into a plural number word ,there are some other rules.They are:-

6) sometimes,plural words can be formed by changing any vowel in some singular words i.e.

singular....................plural

man.........................men

woman.....................woman

foot..........................feet

goose......................geese

mouse......................mice

louse.......................lice

tooth.......................teeth

7)Plural words can be made by adding en/ren/ne after singular words.i.e.

singular....................plural

ox............................oxen

child.......................children

brother...................brothers/brethren

cow........................kine/cows

8)If a compound noun ends with man which refers to any human being,it can be turned into plural form by changing a vowel in man .i.e.

singular....................plural

fisherman.............fishermen

boatman............boatmen

workman...........workmen

salesman...........salesmen

milkman...........milkmen

man-of-war....men-of-war

Number

To change a singular number word into a plural number word ,there are some other rules.They are:-

4).If a singular number word ends with "-f/fe","-v" will be placed instead of "-f/fe" and "-es" will be added after "-v" in plural number.i.e.

singular.........plural

leaf---------leaves

calf--------calves

loaf--------loaves

wife-------wives

There are some exceptions also.i.e.

singular.........plural

roof---------roofs

cliff---------cliffs

chief-------chiefs

reef---------reefs

The following singular words are changed in plural form using both the ways.i.e.

singular.........plural

hoof-------hoofs/hooves

wharf-----wharfs/wharves

scarf------scarfs/scarves

staff------staves

5).If a singular number word ends with "-o" and there is a consonant before it,"-es" will be added after that"-o" in plural number.i.e.

singular.........plural

hero--------heroes

potato-----potatoes

mango----mangoes

Exception:- If any singular number word ends with "-o" and there is a vowel before it,"-s" will be added after that"-o" in plural number.i.e.  

singular.........plural

studio------studios

cuckoo----cuckoos

bamboo---bamboos

But there are some rare exception also.i.e.

singular.........plural

photo------photos

radio------radios

piano-----pianos

canto----cantos

The following singular words are changed in plural form using both the ways.i.e.

singular.........plural

portico---porticos/porticoes

calico----calicos/calicoes

mosquito---mosquitos/mosquitoes