Modifier

d.Noun -adjective as premodifier:when a noun with an adjective is used before a noun .i.e.a small tea pot,a nice fob chain,a busy bus station

e.compounds as premodifier:it is a group of words using as a single adj. Or noun.i.e.a hard working man,a back-dated idea,a first-class compartment.etc.

f.possessive as a modifier: possessive adj. my,our,his,her,their,your are also used as a premodifier.i.e.his cousin,her brother,Ra-him's father etc.

g.Adverb as premodifier:then headmaster,above passage,dawn train etc.

POSTMODIFIER

The modifier which is used after a noun or noun phrase is a post modifier.there are different type of post modifier

a.infinitive phrase as post modifier:to verb. *noun is used after another noun.i.e.a trial to save life,decision to study medicine etc.

b.participle as post modifier;present and past participle are used post modifier.i.e.the man lying on the floor,the book published in 1993 etc.

c.prep.phrase as post modifier:the in torn cloth,the fish on the fan etc.

d.Appositive as a post modifier:when two noun remaining closely indicate the same person or thing ,then the letter one is the Appositive or case in apposition.i.e.Mr.Ahmed,headmaster of this school.

e.adjective as post modifier:sometimes adj. Is used after a noun or pronoun(everyone,some ,any ,each) as a post modifier.i.e.members present in the meeting,something abnormal in his behavior etc.

f.Relative clause as post modifier:the man who came here,the pen which is black etc.

g.adverb as post modifier:any adverb used after a noun.i.e.the question bellow,the man there etc.

Modifier

The word or phrase using before a noun modifies it,is called a modifier.it give more information about a noun.it works like an adjective in a sentence. It is used before or after of the headword of a sentence.sometimes there may be modifier of an adverbial phrase.Determiners,adjectives and noun-adj. can be used as modifier.

Modifiers are of two kinds.1.premodifier and 2.post modifier

Premodifier

When any modifier is used before a noun or noun phrase,it is called premodifier.it is used before the headword of a noun phrase and after the determiner of it.There are different types of premodifier.

a.Adjective as premodifier:when an adj. is used before a noun or noun phrase.it is also called attributive use of article.i.e.a wise boy,an interesting story.

b.participle as premodifier:when a participle is used before a noun or noun phrase.only present(v-ing) and past participle(v-p.p) are used in this case.i.e. A sleeping dog,a learned man,running train,polluted air.

c.noun as premodifier:when a noun modifies another noun.i.e.train journey,bus fare,sea beach.

Writing composition

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It is not easy to write composition.In order to write a composition,one must have knowledge in sentence making,vocabulary,using phrase and idioms etc.One's imagination is helpful too.If any body is able to think and write creative .he will have the ability to write any composition quite well. One should read articles,journals,poem,story,composition,etc.One should read daily newspaper too.One should keep a diary.First he can write 2-5 sentence everyday and correct them with the help of his parents,guardians,teachers etc.Afterwards he should write 2-5 para a day.When he is habituated ,he will write 2 or more pages a day.He will write whatever he likes/watches/enjoys/sees.Then he will be able to write a composition or any creative thing.

An Appositive or Case in Apposition

when two noun sitting beside each other indicate the same person or thing is an appositive or case in apposition. There should be put comma before and after the appositive.it is used as a noun phrase.it is of three kinds.such as 

1)Nominitive in appositive: used after the subject.i.e.Mr.kamal,headmaster of this school, is very honest.

2)Objective in appositive: used after the object to express more about the object.i.e.I know Jamal ,an honest boy.

3)possessive in adjective: the possessive to indicate the possession with its previous noun.i.e.I know Nazru,the poet's work.

The appositive used at first of a sentence sits before the noun.i.e.The famous novel,David copperfield is a classic.

Gender

There are three ways  for  changing masculine  gender  to feminene gender.

They are :-

1.using an opposite word i.e.

Masculine     feminene

Man                woman,

Boy                  girl,

Lad                   lady

2.adding –ess at the end of a masculine noun i.e.

Masculine     feminene

Tiger              tigress

Lion              lioness

Poet            poetess

3.using the feminene noun of a masculine noun in a compound noun i.e.

Masculine                  feminene

Brother-in-law            sister-in-law

Milkman                     milkmaid

Bull-calf                      cow-calf

Gender

       Gender

Gender are of four   types. They are 

1.Masculine gender

 2.Femine gender 

3.Common gender 

4.Neuter gender. 

The following tree of gender can easily indicate the different types of gender.

1.    Masculine gender:-It indicates the state of being male about a noun or pronoun.i.e. Boy,Man,Tiger 

2.Femine gender:-It indicates the state of being female about a noun or pronoun.i.e.Sister,Actress,Girl

3.Common    gender:-It indicates the state of being  both male and female about a noun or pronoun.i.e. Child,Friend,Baby

4.Neuter gender:-It indicates the state of being  neither male nor female about a noun or pronoun.i.e.tree,book,table

WHAT IS GENDER

Gender means the state of being male or female. It is used in grammatically to ideentify a noun or pronoun weather it is male / female or none of this. If any noun /pronoun indicates  neither male nor female ,then it may be common gender or neutral in gender.

Read the bellow sentences:-

Rahim is an old man.

Hehas three children.

 His wife is a young lady.

She does everything in her house.

Here the words Rahim,He,man indicate being the state of male.Again wife,lady,she indicate being the state of female. Children indicates being the state of  both male and female .But house everything can’t be identified in gender.

Number

Foreign plural:-

singular--------------------------------------------------plural

Axis-------------------------------------------------------------Axes

Analysis-------------------------------------------------------Analyses

Agendum------------------------------------------------------Agenda

Alumnus------------------------------------------------------Alumni

Appendix-----------------------------------------------------Apendices

Bandit----------------------------------------------------------Bandits/Banditii

Basis------------------------------------------------------------Bases

Bureau--------------------------------------------------------Bureaux/Bureaus

Crisis-----------------------------------------------------------Crises

Cherub---------------------------------------------------------Cherubium/Cherubs

Criterian-------------------------------------------------------Criteria

Datum----------------------------------------------------------Data

Erratum-------------------------------------------------------Errata

Focus---------------------------------------------------------Foci

Formula------------------------------------------------------Formulae/Formulas

Genus---------------------------------------------------------Genera

Hypothesis-------------------------------------------------Hypotheses

Locus---------------------------------------------------------Luci/Locuses

Medium-------------------------------------------------------Media

Memorandum---------------------------------------------Memoranda

Phenomenon----------------------------------------------Phenomena

Parenthesis-----------------------------------------------Parentheses

Oasis------------------------------------------------------------Oases

Referendum-------------------------------------------------Referenda

Radius--------------------------------------------------------Radii/Radiuses

Seraph--------------------------------------------------------Seraphim

Syllabus------------------------------------------------------Syllabi/Syllabuses

Thesis---------------------------------------------------------Theses

Terminus---------------------------------------------------Termini/Terminuses

Vertex-------------------------------------------------------Vertices

Number

Miscellaneous:-

singular-------------------------plural

Mr.-------------------------------------Messers

Mrs./Madame---------------------Mesdame

Mr. Zaman-------------------------Mr.Zamans

Master-------------------------------Misses

Miss Zaman.----------------------Miss Zamans

Master Zaman-------------------The Master Zamans

Number of pronoun:-

singular-------------------------plural

I--------------------------------------------------We

My---------------------------------------------Our

Me--------------------------------------------Us

Mine-----------------------------------------Ours

You------------------------------------------You

Your----------------------------------------Yours

He/She------------------------------------They

Him/Her----------------------------------Them

His/Her-----------------------------------Their

This--------------------------------------These

That-------------------------------------That

It-----------------------------------------They

Its---------------------------------------Their

Number

Exceptions:-


9)Some nouns may take plural forms.But when they make compound adjective and indicate some quantity or number,they will be singular and the following singular adjectives will be used before the compound adjective .i.e.a,an,one,this,that etc.For example:- a ten year boy,a five foot scale,a one taka note etc.


10)All fractions/portions are always plural except one part of the portion/fraction i.e.
Two thirds of the work.Three fives of the mango etc.


11)Length or quantity will be always in singular i.e. Fifty miles,Two months etc.


12)The name of any country /book will be in singular i.e.Great Expectations,The United State of  America etc.


13)If word means news or expectation or promise in a sentence, word will be in singular.


14)If a singular noun is used after lots/a lot/heaps/half,the verb after this noun will be singular and if a plural noun is used after lots/a lot/heaps/half,the verb after this noun will be plural.


15)More than one is always used in singular;so,the verb after it will be singular.If there are two/three after more than ,the verb will be plural.


16)If the same noun are linked with/by/to/after,they will be singular i.e.Day after day.


17)There is no plural form of any adjective.But if definite article "the" is used before an adjective,it will be a plural common noun and the verb after it will be plural.


18) Earlier 's is added after letter and figure to make them plural.Now-a-days '(apostropy) is not used in plural form.


19)Hunting birds or animals are used to indicate collective meaning,they will be plurals.