LEARNING TO CHANGE NARRATION/SPEECH

Narration/Speech

In order to convert a direct speech into an indirect speech,there are some other things to consider(using conjunction,changing person and adverb of reported speech,tense of verb )

Comma after reporting verb and inverted comma of reported speech will be deleted and a conjunction should be placed in the following way:

1.If the reported speech is an assertive sentence/an optative sentence/an exclamatory sentence/an imperative sentence started with let,that is used as a conjunction after deleting comma and inverted comma.

2.If the reported speech is an interrogative sentence ,a conjunction is used there in the following way:

a.If the reported speech is a wh-question,wh-word will be used as a conjunction.

b.If the reported speech is a yes-no question or aux. Verb question,if or whether will be used as a conjunction.

3.If the reported speech is an imperative sentence,comma and inverted comma will be deleted in the following way:

a.If the reported speech is an imperative sentence  started with a verb,no conjunction is used and preposition 'to'  is used there for deleting comma and inverted comma.

b.If the reported speech is an imperative sentence started  with do not+verb+ext.,'not to ' will be used there for deleting comma and inverted comma.

LEARNING TO CHANGE NARRATION/SPEECH

"Narration/Speech"

In order to convert a direct speech into an indirect speech,the following things are considered:

The reporting verb will be changed according to the type of reported speech:

a.If the reported speech is an assertive sentence ,say or tell will be used instead of reporting verb (say).In this case tell will be used if there is an object of the reporting verb.otherwise say will not be changed.and the tense of  say/tell will be according to the tense of reporting verb.

b. If the reported speech is an interrogative sentence,ask will be used instead of reporting verb say and  the tense for ask will be according to the tense of reporting verb.

c.If the reported speech is an imperative sentence,the reporting verb will be changed in the following way:

1.If there is seen verb+ext, in reported speech ,say will be changed by order ,command,request,advice,ask,tell etc. according to the tense of reporting verb(say).

2.If there is seen do not +verb+ext in reported speech,say will be changed by forbid,ask,tell according to the tense of reporting verb (say).

3.If there is  seen let+ me/her/them/him+ext.  in reported speech, say will be replaced by ask or tell according to the tense of reporting verb (say).

4. If there is seen let+us+ext. in reported speech,say will be replaced by propose or suggest according to the tense of reporting verb (say).


d.if there is  seen an optative sentence in reported speech,reporting verb 'say ' will be replaced by wish or pray according to the tense of reporting verb (say).


e.if there is seen an exclamatory sentence in reported speech, say will be replaced by exclaim or cry out according to the tense of reporting verb (say).


(In the above mentioned cases,the tense of replaced  verbs will be according to the tense of reporting  verb of direct speech)


Exceptions:


 a.If there is seen thank you in reported speech,say will be replaced by thank according to the tense of reporting verb (say).
b.If there is seen good bye/bye-bye in reported speech,say will be replaced by bid/bade according to the tense of reporting verb (say).
c.If there is seen good morning/good night/good afternoon in reported speech,say will be replaced by wish according to the tense of reporting verb(say).
d.If there is seen no verb,no subject/object in direct speech for a reported speech,(The speaker said to the person spoken to) will be used there  before the reported speech in indirect speech.

LEARNING TO CHANGE NARRATION/SPEECH

"Narration/Speech"

In order to convert a direct speech into an indirect speech ,we firstly find out what kind of sentence the reported speech is.Then  we have to find out the bellow things:

a.person of the subject and object of reporting verb

b.person of the subject and object of the reported speech

c.tense  both reporting verb and verb of reported speech

d.some  adverb.

We can find out easily what kind of sentence the reported speech is if we remember the bellow structure:

a.if there is seen subj.+verb+ext. In the reported speech,it is an assertive sentence.

b.if there is a question mark (?)  at the end of the reported speech,it is an interrogative sentence.

c.if the reported speech starts with a verb or there is seen verb+ext or do not +verb +ext or let +noun/pron.+verb+ext. It is an imperative sentence

d.if there is seen may +subj.+verb +adj. Or adj. +verb +noun orpronoun,it is an optative sentence

e.if there is seen a sign of exclamation (!)  at the end of the reported speech ,it is an exclamatory sentence. 

Read the bellow sentence:

He said , "I am reading."

Here the reported speech " I am reading"  is an assertive sentence.

He said to me ,"How are you?"

Here the reported speech " How are you?"  is an interrogative sentence.

He said to me,"Do not cry."

Here the reported speech "Do not cry." is an imperative sentence.

He said to me,"May you live long."

Here the reported speech "May you live long." is an optative sentence.

He said,"How nice he sings!"

Here the reported speech "How nice he sings!" is an exclamatory sentence.

LEARNING TO CHANGE NARRATION/SPEECH

"Narration/Speech"

What the speaker says,is called narration or speech.Speeches are of two kinds.a.direct speech and b.indirect speech.When the speech is expressed according to the speaker's language,it is a direct speech.When the speech is expressed in other people(listener) language,it is an indirect speech.For example 

He says,''I am honest.''

He says that he is honest.

From the above sentences;the first one is a direct speech and the later one is an indirect speech.

The sentence or clause within the inverted comma is called a reported speech.The verb outside the reported speech is called reporting verb and the noun or pronoun which performs the reporting verb is the subject of reporting verb and the noun or pronoun after reporting verb is the object of the reporting verb.

In first sentence''He'' is a subj. "says" is reporting verb and " I am honest"  is a reported speech.

Read the bellow direct speeches:

He said,"I am  reading my  lesson."

They said to you,"How are you?"

Mother said to her son,"Do as I want."

I said to him,"May God bless you."

She said,"How sweet the girl is!"

Read the bellow indirect speech:

He said that he was reading his lesson.

They asked you how you were.

Mother told her son to do as she wanted.

I wished that God might bless him.

She exclaimed that the girl was very sweet.

LEARNING TO MAKE WH-QUESTION

MAKING WH-QUESTION 

Read the following sentence:

The subarna express will arrive at 5 p.m.

Which train will arrive at 5 p.m.

Ripe mangoes taste sweet.

Which mangoes taste sweet?

To know any animal or goods or thing,which is used.it helps to separate or like anything.when which is used as a subj.then no personal word can be used as subj.The structure is

which +noun +verb +ext?

When which is used for an obj,a personal subj.must be present in that sentence and the structure is

which +noun +aux. verb+subj. +verb +ext? For example 

He will buy a grammer book.

Which book will he buy?

They like this blue pen.

Which pen do they like?

For indicating a person,who and which are used for same meaning.

He is talking to Rana.

Who is he talking to?

Which man is he talking to?

Sometimes what and which are used before a noun for the same meaning.

He reads in class ten.

Which/what class does he read?

You like folk song.

What/which song do you like?

LEARNING TO MAKE WH-QUESTION

MAKING WH-QUESTION

To know the age,depth,height,length,wideth,time etc,How+adjective is used.The bellow

structure is used,

How +adj. +to be +subject?   For example

He is 20.

How old is he?

The pond is 12 feet deep.

How deep the pond is?

To know about quantity ,how much is used and to know about the number,how many is used. The structure is

How much/many +noun +aux. verb+subj.+verb+ext?

He ate as much as rice he could.

How much did he eat?

He will buy ten eggs.

How many eggs will he buy?

To know the adverb of frequency or degree,how +adv. is used.

He can run very fast.

How fast can he run?

He comes here twice a week.

How often does he come here.

Structure

How +adv. +aux. verb+subj. +verb +ext?

To know the cost or price of anything,how is used.

The pen cost me 15 taka.

How much did the pen cost me?

Della sold her hair at 50 dollars.

How much did della sell her hair?

Structure:

How much +aux. verb+subj. +verb +ext?

Besides we can use the bellow structure,

what is the price/cost of+ noun or noun phrase?   For example

What is the cost of the pen?

What is the price Della's hair?

In order toknow someone physically ,one can use the structure

How +to be +noun or pronoun? 

How are you?

How is your mother?

But for expressing greetings or to introduce with anyone ,then we can use

How do you do?

Read the bellow question:

He failed for his laziness.

Why did he fail?

They came home to chop wood.

Why did they come home?

To know the reason of any occurance ,why is used.the structure is

why+aux. verb+subj.+verb+ext?

LEARNING TO MAKE WH-QUESTION

MAKING WH-QUESTION

Read the following sentence:

He came home yesterday.

When did he come home?

He will get up at 5p.m.

When will he get up?

They lived in the house

Where did he live?

It is from chittagong.

Where is it from?

To know the time of occuring a verb,when is used and to know the place of a verb,where is used.To make wh- question with when and where ,the bellow structures is used. 

When/where +aux.verb+subj+verb +ext?

Read the bellow sentences:

He went there by bus.

How did he go there?

He will succeed by working hard.

How will he succeed?

To know the process or in what way any verb happens, how is used.

Besides to know the kind or the quality of a person or anything the question starts with

How +adjective.The structure is

How +adjective +to be +subject? For example

He is very rich.

How rich is he?

The book is interesting.

How interesting the book is?

LEARNING TO MAKE WH-QUESTION

MAKING WH-QUESTION

Read the bellow sentence

His name is Arif.

What is his name?

The news makes him laugh.

What makes him laugh?

He reads a book.

What does he read?

They will buy a car.

What will they buy?

If the subj. is an impersonal word or thing ,what is used there and the structure is

what +verb +ext?

If the object of a sentence is direct obj.or thing ,what can be used there using the following structure

what +aux.verb+subj. +verb +ext?

Besides what is used to know one's name,age,occupation,depth,height,length,width ,reason,appearance also.To know the reason of something, what is used in the following way,

what +aux.verb+subj. +verb +ext +for? For example,

He reads the book for pleasure

What does he read the book for?

He will go to buy a shirt.

What will he go for?

To know the feelings about sth,what can be used in the following way,

what + to be+sub +like?

The ground is spacious.

What is the ground like?

The poem is interesting.

What is the poem like?

To know the appearance of a person,

what +aux.verb+subj. +look like?

He looks like his fatther.

What does he look like?

It looks like a chain.

What does it look like?

To know someone occupation,

what +to be +subj?

He is a doctor.

What is he?

To know age,depth,height,width,lenth etc,

what +age/height,length,width,depth + to be + subj.? Or

what +to be +possessive adj. +age/height/.........?

He is 12.

What age is he?

What is his age?

LEARNING TO MAKE WH-QUESTION

MAKING WH-QUESTION

Wh- questions are used to get any information.In speaking one can only provide the information what he is asked.But in order to write the answer..one must provide full information in one or more sentences.Interrogative pronoun :who,which,what,whom and Interrogative adverb:when,where,why,how and interrogative adjective:what,which,whose are use to make wh-question.

Read the bellow sentences:

Rana draw a picture     

Who draw a picture?

Asad can swim.

Who can swim?

Who is used for a person and replaced instead of a subjective word in any sentence. One should not use to do verb after who as an auxiliary verb.

Structure:

Who +verb+ext.?

2.Read the bellow sentence:

I met Asad.

Whom did you meet?

He writes to karim.

Whom does he write to?

To whom does he write?

She lives with his parents.

Whom/who does she live with? or

With whom does she live?

The boy went to the manager.

Whom/who did the boy go to? or

To whom/who did the boy go?

The letter has written by Runa.

By whom has the letter been written ?

Whom is used for a person and replaced  for an objective word of a sentence.In this case,who can also be used.If there is any preposition before the indirect object,the prep. can be used before whom or it may be kept its own place.

Structure

Whom/Who +aux.verb +subj. +verb+ext?

Prep. +whom/who +aux.verb+subj. +verb +ext?

Whom/who +aux.verb +subj. +verb +ext +prep. ?

Here aux.verb means auxiliary verb.If there is no aux.verb in a sentence ,To do verb is used to make a

question.

Read the following sentence:

Rana's mother is a widower.

Whose mother is a widower?

I Know Rina's mother.

Whose mother do you know?

When there is a possessive adj. used before a noun in the subj.of a sentence and if it refers to a person,whose is used there to make a wh- question.

Structure:

Whose +noun+verb +ext?

Read the bellow sentence:

She knows Jamal's father.

Whose father does she know?

If there is a possessive adj.used before a noun in obj.of a sentence and refers to a person,whose is also used there .and then the following structure is used.

whose +noun +aux.verb+subj. +verb +ext.?

LEARNING TO INTERCHANGE OF TENSE

Changing of Tense of Verbs

In order to learn for changing tense, one should learn the structure of tense,strong verb and weak verb very well.In this lesson,we'll learn some useful and short form for changing verb from one kind of tense to another kind.


    Present                                                Past                                                                 Future


  1.verb/v-s/es................................... ...  v-past....................................................... shall/will+verb.


  2.  am.is,are ....................................... was,were ....................................................shall/will +be.


  3.   Have/has .............................................had ........................................................shall/will +have.


  4.models:


          can...................................................could


           may................................................. might


          shall .................................................should


          will ...................................................would


    For example,read the bellow sentence:


     We go home(past continuous.
     We were going home(future ind.)
     We shall go home.
     He is honest.
     He was honest.
     He will be honest.
     You have a car.
     You had a car.
     You will have a car.
     I can swim.
     I could swim.


    Change the tense of verb according to direction:




         Rana reads a book.pastandfuture.
         She made anoise present and future.
         I shall meet her.presentandfuture